Shafer Smith: publications

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Refereed Publications Google Scholar Mason, Hassan, and K. S. Smith, 2025:Beaufort Gyre isopycnal structure generates significant halocline eddy transport. J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans, In revision Dù, Ryan Shìjié, and K. S. Smith, 2025: Emergent vorticity asymmetry of one and two-layer shallow water system captured by a next-order balanced model. J. Fluid Mech., In revision Dù, Ryan Shìjié, K. S. Smith, and O. Bühler, 2025: Next-order balanced model captures submesoscale physics and statistics. J. Phys. Ocean., In revision Pudig, M., and K. S. Smith, 2025: Baroclinic turbulence above rough topography: The vortex gas and topographic turbulence regimes. J. Phys. Ocean., 55, 611--630. Yankovsky, E., S. Bachman, K. S. Smith, and L. Zanna, 2024: Vertical structure and energetic constraints for a backscatter parameterization of ocean mesoscale eddies. JAMES, 16, e2023MS004093, DOI: 10.1029/2023MS004093 Xiao, Q., Dhruv Balwada, C. Spencer Jones, Mario Herrero-Gonzalez, K. Shafer Smith, and Ryan Abernathey, 2023: Reconstruction of surface kinematics from sea surface height using neural networks. JAMES, 15, e2023MS003709. DOI: 10.1029/2023MS003709 Jones, C. Spencer, Q. Xiao, R. P. Abernathey, and K. S. Smith, 2023: Using Lagrangian filtering to remove waves from the ocean surface velocity field. JAMES, 15, DOI: 10.1029/2022MS003220 Dong, W., O. Bühler and K. S. Smith, 2022: Geostrophic eddies spread near-inertial wave energy to high frequencies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 53, 1311--1322, DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-22-0153.1. Mayersohn, B., M. Lévy, I. Mangolte, and K. S. Smith, 2022: Emergence of broadband variability in a marine plankton model under external forcing. JGR: Biogeosciences, 127, e2022JG007011, doi: 10.1029/2022JG007011. Yankovsky, E., L. Zanna, and K. S. Smith, 2022: Influences of mesoscale ocean eddies on flow vertical structure in a resolution-based model hierarchy. JAMES, 14, doi: 10.1029/2022MS003203 de Verneil, A., Z. Lachkar, K. S. Smith, and M. Lévy, 2022: Evaluating the Arabian Sea as a regional source of atmospheric CO2: seasonal variability and drivers. Biogeosciences, 19. DOI: 10.5194/bg-19-907-2022 Balwada, D., Q. Xiao, K. S. Smith, R. Abernathey and A. Gray, 2021: Vertical fluxes conditioned on vorticity and strain reveal submesoscale ventilation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 2883-2901, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-21-0016.1. Lachkar, Z., M. Mehari, M. Al Azhar, M. Lévy, and K. S. Smith, 2021:Fast local warming is the main driver of recent deoxygenation in the northern Arabian Sea. Biogeosciences, 18. DOI: 10.5194/bg-18-5831-2021 Mayersohn, B., K. S. Smith, I. Mangolte and M. Lévy, 2021: Intrinsic timescales of variability in a marine plankton model. Ecological Modelling, 443, 109446, doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109446. Dong, W., O. Bühler and K. S. Smith, 2020: Frequency diffusion of waves by unsteady flows. J. Fluid Mech., 905, R3, doi:10.1017/jfm.2020.837. Uchida, T., D. Balwada, R. Abernathey, G. McKinley, K. S. Smith and M. Lévy, 2020: Vertical eddy iron fluxes support primary production in the open Southern Ocean. Nature Comm., 11, 1125, doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14955-0. Dong, W., O. Bühler and K. S. Smith, 2020: Mean flows induced by inertia-gravity waves in a vertically-confined domain. J. Fluid Mech., 890, A6, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.82. Early, J., M-P Lelong, and K. S. Smith, 2020:Fast and accurate computation of vertical modes. JAMES, 12, e2019MS001939, doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001939. Uchida, T., D. Balwada, R. Abernathey, G. McKinley, K. S. Smith and M. Lévy, 2019: The contribution of submesoscale over mesoscale eddy iron transport in the open Southern Ocean. JAMES, 11, doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001805. Watwood, M., I. Grooms, K. Julien and K. S. Smith, 2019: Energy-conserving Galerkin approximations for quasigeostrophic dynamics. J. Comp. Physics, 388, 23-40. Lachkar, Z., M. Lévy and K. S. Smith, 2019: Strong intensification of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone in response to Arabian Gulf warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081631. Lévy, M., P. Franks and K. S. Smith, 2018: The role of submesoscale currents in structuring marine ecosystems. Nature Comm., 9, doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07059-3. Balwada, D., K. S. Smith, and R. Abernathey, 2018: Submesoscale vertical velocities enhance tracer subduction in an idealized Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079244. Thomas, J., O. Bühler and K. S. Smith, 2018: Wave-induced mean flows in rotating shallow water with uniform potential vorticity. J. Fluid Mech., 839, 408-429. Lachkar, Z., M. Lévy and K. S. Smith, 2017: Intensification and deepening of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone in response to increase in Indian monsoon wind intensity Biogeosciences, 15, 159-186. Al Azhar, M., Z. Lachkar, M. Lévy and K. S. Smith, 2017: Oxygen minimum zone contrasts between the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal implied by differences in remineralization depth. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, doi: 10.1002/2017GL075157. Uchida, T., R. Abernathey and K. S. Smith, 2017: Seasonality in ocean mesoscale turbulence in a high resolution global climate model. Ocean Mod., 118, 41-58. Thomas, J., K. S. Smith and O. Bühler, 2017: Near-inertial wave dispersion by geostrophic flows. J. Fluid Mech., 817, 406-438. Lachkar, Z., K. S. Smith, M. Lévy, and O. Pauluis, 2016: Eddies reduce denitrification and compress habitats in the Arabian Sea Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, doi:10.1002/2016GL069876. Keating, S. and K. S. Smith, 2015: Upper ocean flow statistics estimated from superresolved sea-surface temperature images J. Geophys. Res.., 120, 1197–1214. Grooms, I., A. Majda and K. S. Smith, 2015: Stochastic superparameterization in a quasigeostrophic model of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Ocean Mod., 85, 1-15. Shcherbina, A. and co-authors, 2015: The LatMix Summer Campaign: Submesoscale stirring in the upper ocean Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., August, 96, 1257-1279. Grooms, I., L-P. Nadeau and K. S. Smith, 2013: Mesoscale eddy energy locality in an idealized ocean model. J. Phys. Ocean., 43, 1911-1923. Smith, K. S. and J. Vanneste, 2013: A surface-aware projection basis for quasigeostrophic flow. J. Phys. Ocean., 43, 548-562. Smith, K. S. and E. Bernard, 2013: Geostrophic turbulence near rapid changes in stratification. Phys. Fluids, 25, 046601. Grooms, I., K. S. Smith and A. J. Majda, 2012: Multiscale models for synoptic–mesoscale interactions in the ocean. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 58, 95-107. Keating, S., A. Majda and K. S. Smith, 2012: New methods for estimating poleward eddy heat transport using satellite altimetry. Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 1703-1722. Tulloch, R., J. Marshall, C. Hill and K. S. Smith, 2011: Scales, growth rates and spectral fluxes of baroclinic instability in the ocean. J. Phys. Ocean., 41, 1057-1076. Venaille, A., G. K. Vallis and K. S. Smith, 2011: Baroclinic turbulence in the ocean: Analysis with primitive equation and quasi-geostrophic simulations. J. Phys. Ocean., 41 1605-1623. Keating, S., K. S. Smith and P. Kramer, 2011: Diagnosing lateral mixing in the upper ocean with virtual tracers: Spatial and temporal resolution dependence. J. Phys. Ocean., 41, 1512-1534. Keating, S., P. Kramer and K. S. Smith, 2010: Homogenization and mixing measures for a replenishing passive scalar field. Phys. Fluids, 22, 075105. Smith, K. S. and R. Tulloch, 2009: REPLY to "Two comments on the Surface Quasigeostrophic model for the atmospheric energy spectrum" (Lindborg, 2009, JAS) J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1073-1076. Smith, K. S. and R. Ferrari, 2009: The production and dissipation of compensated thermohaline variance by mesoscale stirring. J. Phys. Ocean., 39, 2477-2501. Tulloch, R., J. Marshall and K. S. Smith, 2009: Interpretation of the propagation of surface altimetric observations in terms of planetary waves and geostrophic turbulence. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 114, C02005, doi:10.1029/2008JC005055. Tulloch, R. and K. S. Smith, 2009: A note on the numerical representation of surface dynamics in quasigeostrophic turbulence: Application to the nonlinear Eady model. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1063-1068. Tulloch, R. and K. S. Smith, 2009: Quasigeostrophic turbulence with explicit surface dynamics: Application to the atmospheric energy spectrum. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 450-467. Smith, K. S. and J. Marshall, 2009: Evidence for enhanced eddy mixing at mid-depth in the Southern Ocean. J. Phys. Ocean., 39, 50-69. Smith, K. S., 2007: The Geography of Linear Baroclinic Instability in Earth's Oceans. J. Marine Res., 65, 655-683. Smith, K. S., 2007: Eddy amplitudes in baroclinic turbulence driven by non-zonal mean flow: Shear dispersion of potential vorticity. J. Phys. Ocean., 37, 1037-1050. Tulloch, R. and K. S. Smith, 2006: A theory for the atmospheric energy spectrum: Depth-limited temperature anomalies at the tropopause. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 103, 14690-14694. Smith, K. S., 2005: Tracer transport along and across coherent jets in two-dimensional turbulent flow. J. Fluid Mech., 544, 133-142. Smith, K. S., 2004: A local model for planetary atmospheres forced by small-scale convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1420--1433. Smith, K. S., 2004: Comment on: "The k^-3 and k^-5/3 energy spectrum of atmospheric turbulence: Quasigeostrophic two-level model simulation". J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 937--941. Grianik, N., I. Held, K. S. Smith and G. K. Vallis, 2004: The effects of quadratic drag on the inverse cascade of two-dimensional turbulence. Phys. Fluids, 16. Smith, K. S., G. Boccaletti, C. C. Henning, I. N. Marinov, C. Y. Tam, I. M. Held and G. K. Vallis, 2002: Turbulent diffusion in the geostrophic inverse cascade. J. Fluid Mech., 469, 13--48. Smith, K. S. and G. K. Vallis, 2002: The scales and equilibration of midocean eddies: Forced-dissipative flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1699--1721. Smith, K. S. and G. K. Vallis, 2001: The scales and equilibration of midocean eddies: Freely evolving flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 554--571. Smith, K. S. and G. K. Vallis, 1999: Linear baroclinic instability in extended regime geostrophic models. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1579--1593. Other Publications and Talks Smith, K. S., R. W. Hallberg and S. M. Griffies, 2003: The effects of resolution on the convergence of eddy statistics in numerical ocean models. (Talk) Smith, K. S., 2003: The vertical structure of eddy tracer and potential vorticity fluxes at all supercriticalities. (Extended abstract for 2003 AMS AOFD meeting in San Antonio) Smith, K. S., 1999: Balanced dynamics and baroclinic instability: Theory and application to ocean turbulence. Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz.

Refereed Publications

Mason, Hassan, and K. S. Smith, 2025:Beaufort Gyre isopycnal structure generates significant halocline eddy transport. J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans, In revision

Dù, Ryan Shìjié, and K. S. Smith, 2025: Emergent vorticity asymmetry of one and two-layer shallow water system captured by a next-order balanced model. J. Fluid Mech., In revision

Dù, Ryan Shìjié, K. S. Smith, and O. Bühler, 2025: Next-order balanced model captures submesoscale physics and statistics. J. Phys. Ocean., In revision

Pudig, M., and K. S. Smith, 2025: Baroclinic turbulence above rough topography: The vortex gas and topographic turbulence regimes. J. Phys. Ocean., 55, 611--630.

Yankovsky, E., S. Bachman, K. S. Smith, and L. Zanna, 2024: Vertical structure and energetic constraints for a backscatter parameterization of ocean mesoscale eddies. JAMES, 16, e2023MS004093, DOI: 10.1029/2023MS004093

Xiao, Q., Dhruv Balwada, C. Spencer Jones, Mario Herrero-Gonzalez, K. Shafer Smith, and Ryan Abernathey, 2023: Reconstruction of surface kinematics from sea surface height using neural networks. JAMES, 15, e2023MS003709. DOI: 10.1029/2023MS003709

Jones, C. Spencer, Q. Xiao, R. P. Abernathey, and K. S. Smith, 2023: Using Lagrangian filtering to remove waves from the ocean surface velocity field. JAMES, 15, DOI: 10.1029/2022MS003220

Dong, W., O. Bühler and K. S. Smith, 2022: Geostrophic eddies spread near-inertial wave energy to high frequencies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 53, 1311--1322, DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-22-0153.1.

Mayersohn, B., M. Lévy, I. Mangolte, and K. S. Smith, 2022: Emergence of broadband variability in a marine plankton model under external forcing. JGR: Biogeosciences, 127, e2022JG007011, doi: 10.1029/2022JG007011.

Yankovsky, E., L. Zanna, and K. S. Smith, 2022: Influences of mesoscale ocean eddies on flow vertical structure in a resolution-based model hierarchy. JAMES, 14, doi: 10.1029/2022MS003203

de Verneil, A., Z. Lachkar, K. S. Smith, and M. Lévy, 2022: Evaluating the Arabian Sea as a regional source of atmospheric CO2: seasonal variability and drivers. Biogeosciences, 19. DOI: 10.5194/bg-19-907-2022

Balwada, D., Q. Xiao, K. S. Smith, R. Abernathey and A. Gray, 2021: Vertical fluxes conditioned on vorticity and strain reveal submesoscale ventilation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 2883-2901, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-21-0016.1.

Lachkar, Z., M. Mehari, M. Al Azhar, M. Lévy, and K. S. Smith, 2021:Fast local warming is the main driver of recent deoxygenation in the northern Arabian Sea. Biogeosciences, 18. DOI: 10.5194/bg-18-5831-2021

Mayersohn, B., K. S. Smith, I. Mangolte and M. Lévy, 2021: Intrinsic timescales of variability in a marine plankton model. Ecological Modelling, 443, 109446, doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109446.

Dong, W., O. Bühler and K. S. Smith, 2020: Frequency diffusion of waves by unsteady flows. J. Fluid Mech., 905, R3, doi:10.1017/jfm.2020.837.

Uchida, T., D. Balwada, R. Abernathey, G. McKinley, K. S. Smith and M. Lévy, 2020: Vertical eddy iron fluxes support primary production in the open Southern Ocean. Nature Comm., 11, 1125, doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14955-0.

Dong, W., O. Bühler and K. S. Smith, 2020: Mean flows induced by inertia-gravity waves in a vertically-confined domain. J. Fluid Mech., 890, A6, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.82.

Early, J., M-P Lelong, and K. S. Smith, 2020:Fast and accurate computation of vertical modes. JAMES, 12, e2019MS001939, doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001939.

Uchida, T., D. Balwada, R. Abernathey, G. McKinley, K. S. Smith and M. Lévy, 2019: The contribution of submesoscale over mesoscale eddy iron transport in the open Southern Ocean. JAMES, 11, doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001805.

Watwood, M., I. Grooms, K. Julien and K. S. Smith, 2019: Energy-conserving Galerkin approximations for quasigeostrophic dynamics. J. Comp. Physics, 388, 23-40.

Lachkar, Z., M. Lévy and K. S. Smith, 2019: Strong intensification of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone in response to Arabian Gulf warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081631.

Lévy, M., P. Franks and K. S. Smith, 2018: The role of submesoscale currents in structuring marine ecosystems. Nature Comm., 9, doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07059-3.

Balwada, D., K. S. Smith, and R. Abernathey, 2018: Submesoscale vertical velocities enhance tracer subduction in an idealized Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079244.

Thomas, J., O. Bühler and K. S. Smith, 2018: Wave-induced mean flows in rotating shallow water with uniform potential vorticity. J. Fluid Mech., 839, 408-429.

Lachkar, Z., M. Lévy and K. S. Smith, 2017: Intensification and deepening of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone in response to increase in Indian monsoon wind intensity Biogeosciences, 15, 159-186.

Al Azhar, M., Z. Lachkar, M. Lévy and K. S. Smith, 2017: Oxygen minimum zone contrasts between the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal implied by differences in remineralization depth. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, doi: 10.1002/2017GL075157.

Uchida, T., R. Abernathey and K. S. Smith, 2017: Seasonality in ocean mesoscale turbulence in a high resolution global climate model. Ocean Mod., 118, 41-58.

Thomas, J., K. S. Smith and O. Bühler, 2017: Near-inertial wave dispersion by geostrophic flows. J. Fluid Mech., 817, 406-438.

Lachkar, Z., K. S. Smith, M. Lévy, and O. Pauluis, 2016: Eddies reduce denitrification and compress habitats in the Arabian Sea Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, doi:10.1002/2016GL069876.

Keating, S. and K. S. Smith, 2015: Upper ocean flow statistics estimated from superresolved sea-surface temperature images J. Geophys. Res.., 120, 1197–1214.

Grooms, I., A. Majda and K. S. Smith, 2015: Stochastic superparameterization in a quasigeostrophic model of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Ocean Mod., 85, 1-15.

Shcherbina, A. and co-authors, 2015: The LatMix Summer Campaign: Submesoscale stirring in the upper ocean Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., August, 96, 1257-1279.

Grooms, I., L-P. Nadeau and K. S. Smith, 2013: Mesoscale eddy energy locality in an idealized ocean model. J. Phys. Ocean., 43, 1911-1923.

Smith, K. S. and J. Vanneste, 2013: A surface-aware projection basis for quasigeostrophic flow. J. Phys. Ocean., 43, 548-562.

Smith, K. S. and E. Bernard, 2013: Geostrophic turbulence near rapid changes in stratification. Phys. Fluids, 25, 046601.

Grooms, I., K. S. Smith and A. J. Majda, 2012: Multiscale models for synoptic–mesoscale interactions in the ocean. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 58, 95-107.

Keating, S., A. Majda and K. S. Smith, 2012: New methods for estimating poleward eddy heat transport using satellite altimetry. Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 1703-1722.

Tulloch, R., J. Marshall, C. Hill and K. S. Smith, 2011: Scales, growth rates and spectral fluxes of baroclinic instability in the ocean. J. Phys. Ocean., 41, 1057-1076.

Venaille, A., G. K. Vallis and K. S. Smith, 2011: Baroclinic turbulence in the ocean: Analysis with primitive equation and quasi-geostrophic simulations. J. Phys. Ocean., 41 1605-1623.

Keating, S., K. S. Smith and P. Kramer, 2011: Diagnosing lateral mixing in the upper ocean with virtual tracers: Spatial and temporal resolution dependence. J. Phys. Ocean., 41, 1512-1534.

Keating, S., P. Kramer and K. S. Smith, 2010: Homogenization and mixing measures for a replenishing passive scalar field. Phys. Fluids, 22, 075105.

Smith, K. S. and R. Tulloch, 2009: REPLY to "Two comments on the Surface Quasigeostrophic model for the atmospheric energy spectrum" (Lindborg, 2009, JAS) J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1073-1076.

Smith, K. S. and R. Ferrari, 2009: The production and dissipation of compensated thermohaline variance by mesoscale stirring. J. Phys. Ocean., 39, 2477-2501.

Tulloch, R., J. Marshall and K. S. Smith, 2009: Interpretation of the propagation of surface altimetric observations in terms of planetary waves and geostrophic turbulence. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 114, C02005, doi:10.1029/2008JC005055.

Tulloch, R. and K. S. Smith, 2009: A note on the numerical representation of surface dynamics in quasigeostrophic turbulence: Application to the nonlinear Eady model. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1063-1068.

Tulloch, R. and K. S. Smith, 2009: Quasigeostrophic turbulence with explicit surface dynamics: Application to the atmospheric energy spectrum. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 450-467.

Smith, K. S. and J. Marshall, 2009: Evidence for enhanced eddy mixing at mid-depth in the Southern Ocean. J. Phys. Ocean., 39, 50-69.

Smith, K. S., 2007: The Geography of Linear Baroclinic Instability in Earth's Oceans. J. Marine Res., 65, 655-683.

Smith, K. S., 2007: Eddy amplitudes in baroclinic turbulence driven by non-zonal mean flow: Shear dispersion of potential vorticity. J. Phys. Ocean., 37, 1037-1050.

Tulloch, R. and K. S. Smith, 2006: A theory for the atmospheric energy spectrum: Depth-limited temperature anomalies at the tropopause. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 103, 14690-14694.

Smith, K. S., 2005: Tracer transport along and across coherent jets in two-dimensional turbulent flow. J. Fluid Mech., 544, 133-142.

Smith, K. S., 2004: A local model for planetary atmospheres forced by small-scale convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1420--1433.

Smith, K. S., 2004: Comment on: "The k^-3 and k^-5/3 energy spectrum of atmospheric turbulence: Quasigeostrophic two-level model simulation". J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 937--941.

Grianik, N., I. Held, K. S. Smith and G. K. Vallis, 2004: The effects of quadratic drag on the inverse cascade of two-dimensional turbulence. Phys. Fluids, 16.

Smith, K. S., G. Boccaletti, C. C. Henning, I. N. Marinov, C. Y. Tam, I. M. Held and G. K. Vallis, 2002: Turbulent diffusion in the geostrophic inverse cascade. J. Fluid Mech., 469, 13--48.

Smith, K. S. and G. K. Vallis, 2002: The scales and equilibration of midocean eddies: Forced-dissipative flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1699--1721.

Smith, K. S. and G. K. Vallis, 2001: The scales and equilibration of midocean eddies: Freely evolving flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 554--571.

Smith, K. S. and G. K. Vallis, 1999: Linear baroclinic instability in extended regime geostrophic models. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1579--1593.

Other Publications and Talks

Smith, K. S., R. W. Hallberg and S. M. Griffies, 2003: The effects of resolution on the convergence of eddy statistics in numerical ocean models. (Talk)

Smith, K. S., 2003: The vertical structure of eddy tracer and potential vorticity fluxes at all supercriticalities. (Extended abstract for 2003 AMS AOFD meeting in San Antonio)

Smith, K. S., 1999: Balanced dynamics and baroclinic instability: Theory and application to ocean turbulence. Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz.