function [X, fX, i] = minimize_svi_dkl_hyp(X, f, length, vi, varargin)

% Minimize a differentiable multivariate function using conjugate gradients.
%
% Usage: [X, m, fX, i] = minimize(X, f, length, P1, P2, P3, ... )
% 
% X       initial guess; may be of any type, including struct and cell array
% f       the name or pointer to the function to be minimized. The function
%         f must return two arguments, the value of the function, and it's
%         partial derivatives wrt the elements of X. The partial derivative  
%         must have the same type as X.
% length  length of the run; if it is positive, it gives the maximum number of
%         line searches, if negative its absolute gives the maximum allowed
%         number of function evaluations. Optionally, length can have a second
%         component, which will indicate the reduction in function value to be
%         expected in the first line-search (defaults to 1.0).
% P1, P2, ... parameters are passed to the function f.
%
% X       the returned solution
% fX      vector of function values indicating progress made
% i       number of iterations (line searches or function evaluations, 
%         depending on the sign of "length") used at termination.
%
% The function returns when either its length is up, or if no further progress
% can be made (ie, we are at a (local) minimum, or so close that due to
% numerical problems, we cannot get any closer). NOTE: If the function
% terminates within a few iterations, it could be an indication that the
% function values and derivatives are not consistent (ie, there may be a bug in
% the implementation of your "f" function).
%
% The Polack-Ribiere flavour of conjugate gradients is used to compute search
% directions, and a line search using quadratic and cubic polynomial
% approximations and the Wolfe-Powell stopping criteria is used together with
% the slope ratio method for guessing initial step sizes. Additionally a bunch
% of checks are made to make sure that exploration is taking place and that
% extrapolation will not be unboundedly large.
%
% See also: checkgrad 
%
% Copyright (C) 2001 - 2010 by Carl Edward Rasmussen, 2010-01-03

INT = 0.1;    % don't reevaluate within 0.1 of the limit of the current bracket
EXT = 3.0;                  % extrapolate maximum 3 times the current step-size
MAX = 20;                         % max 20 function evaluations per line search
RATIO = 10;                                       % maximum allowed slope ratio
SIG = 0.1; RHO = SIG/2; % SIG and RHO are the constants controlling the Wolfe-
% Powell conditions. SIG is the maximum allowed absolute ratio between
% previous and new slopes (derivatives in the search direction), thus setting
% SIG to low (positive) values forces higher precision in the line-searches.
% RHO is the minimum allowed fraction of the expected (from the slope at the
% initial point in the linesearch). Constants must satisfy 0 < RHO < SIG < 1.
% Tuning of SIG (depending on the nature of the function to be optimized) may
% speed up the minimization; it is probably not worth playing much with RHO.

% The code falls naturally into 3 parts, after the initial line search is
% started in the direction of steepest descent. 1) we first enter a while loop
% which uses point 1 (p1) and (p2) to compute an extrapolation (p3), until we
% have extrapolated far enough (Wolfe-Powell conditions). 2) if necessary, we
% enter the second loop which takes p2, p3 and p4 chooses the subinterval
% containing a (local) minimum, and interpolates it, unil an acceptable point
% is found (Wolfe-Powell conditions). Note, that points are always maintained
% in order p0 <= p1 <= p2 < p3 < p4. 3) compute a new search direction using
% conjugate gradients (Polack-Ribiere flavour), or revert to steepest if there
% was a problem in the previous line-search. Return the best value so far, if
% two consecutive line-searches fail, or whenever we run out of function
% evaluations or line-searches. During extrapolation, the "f" function may fail
% either with an error or returning Nan or Inf, and minimize should handle this
% gracefully.

if max(size(length)) == 2, red=length(2); length=length(1); else red=1; end
if length>0, S='Linesearch'; else S='Function evaluation'; end 

i = 0;                                            % zero the run length counter
ls_failed = 0;                             % no previous line search has failed
vi.update = 0;
[f0 df0] = feval(f, X, vi, varargin{:});         % get function value and gradient
vi.update = 0;
vi.updateaux = 0;
Z = X; X = unwrap(X); df0 = unwrap(df0);
fprintf('%s %6i;  Value %4.6e\r', S, i, f0);
if exist('fflush','builtin') fflush(stdout); end
fX = f0;
i = i + (length<0);                                            % count epochs?!
s = -df0; d0 = -s'*s;           % initial search direction (steepest) and slope
x3 = red/(1-d0);                                  % initial step is red/(|s|+1)

while i < abs(length)                                      % while not finished
  i = i + (length>0);                                      % count iterations?!

  X0 = X; F0 = f0; dF0 = df0;                   % make a copy of current values
  if length>0, M = MAX; else M = min(MAX, -length-i); end

  while 1                             % keep extrapolating as long as necessary
    x2 = 0; f2 = f0; d2 = d0; f3 = f0; df3 = df0;
    success = 0;
    while ~success && M > 0
      %try
        M = M - 1; i = i + (length<0);                         % count epochs?!
        
        [f3 df3] = feval(f, rewrap(Z,X+x3*s), vi, varargin{:});
        df3 = unwrap(df3);
        %if isnan(f3) || isinf(f3) || any(isnan(df3)+isinf(df3)), error(' '),end
        if isnan(f3) error('nan(f3)'),end
        if isinf(f3) error('inf(f3)'),end
        if any(isnan(df3)) error('nan(df3)'),end
        if any(isinf(df3)) error('inf(df3)'),end
        success = 1;
      %catch                                % catch any error which occured in f
      %  x3 = (x2+x3)/2;                                  % bisect and try again
      %  %error('error here');
      %  warning('error here...');
      %end
    end
    if f3 < F0, X0 = X+x3*s; F0 = f3; dF0 = df3; end         % keep best values
    d3 = df3'*s;                                                    % new slope
    if d3 > SIG*d0 || f3 > f0+x3*RHO*d0 || M == 0  % are we done extrapolating?
      break
    end
    x1 = x2; f1 = f2; d1 = d2;                        % move point 2 to point 1
    x2 = x3; f2 = f3; d2 = d3;                        % move point 3 to point 2
    A = 6*(f1-f2)+3*(d2+d1)*(x2-x1);                 % make cubic extrapolation
    B = 3*(f2-f1)-(2*d1+d2)*(x2-x1);
    x3 = x1-d1*(x2-x1)^2/(B+sqrt(B*B-A*d1*(x2-x1))); % num. error possible, ok!
    if ~isreal(x3) || isnan(x3) || isinf(x3) || x3 < 0 % num prob | wrong sign?
      x3 = x2*EXT;                                 % extrapolate maximum amount
    elseif x3 > x2*EXT                  % new point beyond extrapolation limit?
      x3 = x2*EXT;                                 % extrapolate maximum amount
    elseif x3 < x2+INT*(x2-x1)         % new point too close to previous point?
      x3 = x2+INT*(x2-x1);
    end
  end                                                       % end extrapolation

  while (abs(d3) > -SIG*d0 || f3 > f0+x3*RHO*d0) && M > 0  % keep interpolating
    if d3 > 0 || f3 > f0+x3*RHO*d0                         % choose subinterval
      x4 = x3; f4 = f3; d4 = d3;                      % move point 3 to point 4
    else
      x2 = x3; f2 = f3; d2 = d3;                      % move point 3 to point 2
    end
    if f4 > f0           
      x3 = x2-(0.5*d2*(x4-x2)^2)/(f4-f2-d2*(x4-x2));  % quadratic interpolation
    else
      A = 6*(f2-f4)/(x4-x2)+3*(d4+d2);                    % cubic interpolation
      B = 3*(f4-f2)-(2*d2+d4)*(x4-x2);
      x3 = x2+(sqrt(B*B-A*d2*(x4-x2)^2)-B)/A;        % num. error possible, ok!
    end
    if isnan(x3) || isinf(x3)
      x3 = (x2+x4)/2;               % if we had a numerical problem then bisect
    end
    x3 = max(min(x3, x4-INT*(x4-x2)),x2+INT*(x4-x2));  % don't accept too close
    [f3 df3] = feval(f, rewrap(Z,X+x3*s), vi, varargin{:});
    df3 = unwrap(df3);
    if f3 < F0, X0 = X+x3*s; F0 = f3; dF0 = df3; end         % keep best values
    M = M - 1; i = i + (length<0);                             % count epochs?!
    d3 = df3'*s;                                                    % new slope
  end                                                       % end interpolation

  if abs(d3) < -SIG*d0 && f3 < f0+x3*RHO*d0          % if line search succeeded
    X = X+x3*s; f0 = f3; fX = [fX' f0]';                     % update variables
    fprintf('%s %6i;  Value %4.6e\r', S, i, f0);
    if exist('fflush','builtin') fflush(stdout); end
    s = (df3'*df3-df0'*df3)/(df0'*df0)*s - df3;   % Polack-Ribiere CG direction
    df0 = df3;                                               % swap derivatives
    d3 = d0; d0 = df0'*s;
    if d0 > 0                                      % new slope must be negative
      s = -df0; d0 = -s'*s;                  % otherwise use steepest direction
    end
    x3 = x3 * min(RATIO, d3/(d0-realmin));          % slope ratio but max RATIO
    ls_failed = 0;                              % this line search did not fail
  else
    X = X0; f0 = F0; df0 = dF0;                     % restore best point so far
    if ls_failed || i > abs(length)         % line search failed twice in a row
      break;                             % or we ran out of time, so we give up
    end
    s = -df0; d0 = -s'*s;                                        % try steepest
    x3 = 1/(1-d0);                     
    ls_failed = 1;                                    % this line search failed
  end
end
X = rewrap(Z,X); 
fprintf('\n'); if exist('fflush','builtin') fflush(stdout); end

function v = unwrap(s)
% Extract the numerical values from "s" into the column vector "v". The
% variable "s" can be of any type, including struct and cell array.
% Non-numerical elements are ignored. See also the reverse rewrap.m. 
v = [];   
if isnumeric(s)
  v = s(:);                        % numeric values are recast to column vector
elseif isstruct(s)
  v = unwrap(struct2cell(orderfields(s))); % alphabetize, conv to cell, recurse
elseif iscell(s)
  for i = 1:numel(s)             % cell array elements are handled sequentially
    v = [v; unwrap(s{i})];
  end
end                                                   % other types are ignored

function [s v] = rewrap(s, v)
% Map the numerical elements in the vector "v" onto the variables "s" which can
% be of any type. The number of numerical elements must match; on exit "v"
% should be empty. Non-numerical entries are just copied. See also unwrap.m.
if isnumeric(s)
  if numel(v) < numel(s)
    error('The vector for conversion contains too few elements')
  end
  s = reshape(v(1:numel(s)), size(s));            % numeric values are reshaped
  v = v(numel(s)+1:end);                        % remaining arguments passed on
elseif isstruct(s) 
  [s p] = orderfields(s); p(p) = 1:numel(p);      % alphabetize, store ordering
  [t v] = rewrap(struct2cell(s), v);                 % convert to cell, recurse
  s = orderfields(cell2struct(t,fieldnames(s),1),p);  % conv to struct, reorder
elseif iscell(s)
  for i = 1:numel(s)             % cell array elements are handled sequentially 
    [s{i} v] = rewrap(s{i}, v);
  end
end                                             % other types are not processed
